Posts Tagged ‘psychology’

Custom essays: Psychological Approach in Adolescent Behavior

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According to Erikson (1950) the main task, which is appeared in early youth, is forming of sense of identity in the counterbalance of vagueness role of personality “I am” image. Young people must answer questions: “Who am I?” and “What is my future way?” Complying with Berzonsky M., Adams G. (2003) we can notice that in search of the personal identity a man decides, what actions are important for him, and produces certain norms for the estimation of own behavior and the behavior of people who are around. This process is related also to the awareness of own value and competence.
In the paragraphs above we talk about adolescence and now we will work with the studied material by the way of analytical processing of it. Analyzing different psychological literature I can choose several main aspects in the development of adolescence. Now I want to make my conclusions comparatively to adolescence and explain it in several main words.
1. The psychological features of young boys and girls of early adolescence are related to the selection and awareness of the appearance of “I am” image.
2. The personality features of young boys and girls of early adolescent age are substantially related to forming for them of steady internal appearance of “I am” image.
3. Development of personality in youth age is related and I can say that it is also connected with mastering by subject of own volitional sphere. In relation to the behavior and internal world it turns out to be situational, initiative, able to understand, interpret and reconsider the internal psychological descriptions and volitional manifestations.
4. It is possible to select four stages in development of “I am” conception appearance in early adolescent age:
- on the first stage a subject demonstrates the appearance of “I am” circumferential, thus this appearance of “I am” quite often appears very contradictory;
- on the second stage there is a comprehension of different situations through the prism of the appearance of “I am” image;
- on the third stage a subject places the appearance of “I am” image in the different problem situations of intercourse;
- on the fourth stage subject actively and purposefully changes and develops the appearance of “I am” image. (more…)

Buy an essay: Psychological Approach in Adolescent Behavior

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Psychology of adolescence – one of the most difficult and the least developed sections of age psychology. Youth is a period of completion of the physical ripening of a person, stormy growth of person’s consciousness, forming of world view, choice of profession and entering into adult life. As processes of the physical, psychical and social ripening flow unevenly and occurring in different times, chronologic scopes, dissociating youth from teens and from the adults are very mobile and determined scientific variously. In this paper speech will go mainly about 14-18-years-old people, which in psychological and pedagogical literature is often named in both ways, I mean adolescence or teenagers. However, much we will have to affect also some problems of earliest and latest stages of their development. Adolescence is not only completes the period of preparation to adult life, but also in itself exceptionally rich and polyhedral.
This topic is very interesting for learning and discussing, even now many scientists are interested in it and try to find answers on their questions. I want to add that specialists, who work with teenagers and parents, who have children of this age know how it is difficult to build normal relations with them and how it is difficult for young people to understand the big world around them and become a part of this world. First of all I want to explain you, why this topic is interesting for me and what is happen with young person at this life stage. All of us know that converting of a child into the grown up person is a difficult and dramatic process, on its motion many different factors are influenced and quantity of conditions play not the last role in this process. It is hard for young people to understand that childhood is over and it is time to change their behavior and lifestyle. Sometimes these changes run rather quite and not provoke stress situation, but sometimes young person tries to protest against these very important changes and such protest creates big problems for a person and even becomes a first step to antisocial behavior. (more…)

Custom essays: Psychological Perspectives of Watson, Skinner and Tolman

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Skinner’s study and researches had great influence on the contemporary psychology. Skinner’s ideas about children upbringing and learning are influential nowadays. He believed that all children were born as “tabula rasae” and did not possess any language skills. According to him, children acquire language by coping sounds they hear from people who surround them. They learn sounds and combinations of sounds when they get reinforcement. When children see positive reactions on the sounds they copy they remember them better. In this way, after certain period of time they have collections of words which they have learned because of positive reinforcement. These words are put into sentences through selective reinforcement. This theory was criticized by famous linguist Noam Chomsky, who gave convincing proves that children have inner Language Acquisition Device.
Skinner also influenced personality development theory. In general, there are two approaches to the personality development. One group of psychologists believes that personality is influenced by the hereditary factors while their opponents view the environment as the main source of development. Skinner’s arguments became very useful for those who believed in the environmental sources of personality development. Skinner’s view of personality also became the subject of disputes. Skinner wrote: “I see no evidence for an inner world of mental life relative either to an analysis of behavior as a function of environmental forces or to the physiology of the nervous system” (Skinner, 1950, p. 79). According to his theory, the development of the personality was totally conditioned by the external factors. He also believed past experience of the personality to be the source of development. Skinner arguments became an object of detailed study but latest researches prove that there are born characteristics which are not influenced by the environment. These arguments disapprove Skinner’s position. (more…)

Buy an essay: Psychological Perspectives of Watson, Skinner and Tolman

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Edward Chace Tolman and Borhus Frederic Skinner are outstanding psychologists of the twentieth century. They worked in the field of Behaviorism but each of them presented different approaches to it.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the most controversial psychologists of the twentieth century. Skinner started his psychological research with the study of John Watson’s works. Watson is famous as an outstanding Behaviorist and his ideas had great impact on Skinner. Watson founded Behaviorism in 1913 when he became disappointed with Structuralism. Disillusionment in Structuralism became a distinguishing feature at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. During this time several important psychologists, including Watson, turned their attention to Darwin’s evolutionary theory and Functionalism.
Russian researcher, Ivan Pavlov, made a great contribution to the development of Behaviorism. He used the turn Classical Conditioning to explain the behavior. “In Classical Conditioning naturally occurring behaviors or reflexes are paired with a neutral stimulus e.g. dogs naturally salivate when they are presented with food. Pavlov discovered that if a bell was rang (the neutral stimulus) when the dogs were feed they would eventually salivate every time a bell was sounded regardless of whether food was presented or not” (Mclntyre, 2003, 114). His world-famous experiments with dogs made a great contribution to the study of reflexes and reactions to environmental stimuli. (more…)

Custom essays: Women in Psychology

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Mary Whiton Calkins is another outstanding female psychologist, whose impact on the development of psychology can hardly be underestimated. Similarly to Melanie Klein, Mary Whiton Calkins faced numerous challenges caused by gender-related biases and prejudices. She had to prove her professional skills and abilities throughout her life. She started her work in the late 19th century and her death in 1930 was a serious loss for psychology as a science, although, in spite of her life time achievements, she still had many critics, who were very skeptical about her scientific contribution (Grosskurth, 1986). Nevertheless, today, it is impossible to deny the impact of Mary Whiton Calkins on the development of psychology on the turn of the centuries. In fact, Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman APA President that was the official recognition of her contribution in the development of psychology, although she confronted permanent opposition from many male psychologists (Grosskurth, 1986).
Mary Whiton Calkins mainly worked on self-psychology, which was very popular in the late 19th – early 20th cc. However, many psychologists failed to succeed in this branch of psychology. This is probably why the success of Mary Whiton Calkins in self-psychology was particularly striking and her success brought her recognition of her colleagues, which was accompanied by skepticism of her critics. She believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology (Furumoto, 1980). At the same time, Mary Whiton Calkins introduced certain innovations in psychology, among which it is possible to single out her paired-associate technique, which was a consistent step forward in the development of psychology and psychoanalysis. (more…)

Buy essay: Women in Psychology

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The role of women in the development of psychology was often underestimated, while, in actuality, women had made a significant contribution into the development of psychology as a science. In this respect, it is possible to single out several women, which had played a particularly significant role in the development of psychology. For instance, it is possible to name such female psychologists as Mary Whiton Calkins, Melanie Klein, and Karen Horney. These female psychologists worked on the development of psychology theory, but their impact on the development of psychology was often overshadowed by the work of male psychologists because of the existing social and cultural prejudices and biases. In fact, it is the existing prejudices and biases which prevented female psychologists from the recognition as scientists equal to men. As a result, it is only by the mid-20th century, female psychologists had managed to take the position they deserved due to their scientific work and researches in the field of psychology. In this regard, Mary Whiton Calkins, Melanie Klein, and Karen Horney had gained the scientific and public approval only by the end of their life, while their entire scientific career was accompanied by constant struggle with prejudices and biases in the male dominated society. (more…)

Buy research paper on Psychology and Spirituality

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David Shmidt in his speech on the Interdisciplinary Conversation at the College of St. Catherine determined that there is connection between the people who have definite religious and spiritual beliefs and the mental and physical health of a man. According to his point of view this conception is the main thing. Idea, that people who have richer spiritual life have less problems with health than people who don’t really exists.
As I noted earlier Freud proclaimed that the religion can be a neurotic. He was an atheist, but he paid a great attention to religion and spirituality in his works. But he didn’t recognize it like above-mentioned psychologists
The problem of origin and essence of religion occupies an important place in the studies of Freud. He tried from the psychoanalytical point of view explaining religious beliefs, ceremonies, grinding the role of religion in development of human culture and vital functions of man.
Essence and origin of religion was originally examined by Freud in connection with the comparative analysis of neuroses of obtrusiveness and sending of religious ceremonies believers. In work “Obtrusive actions and religious ceremonies” (1907) he explained the idea that both these phenomena with their differences in the hidden form have the functions of suppression of unconscious of man attractions. By other words, abstention from direct satisfaction of natural passions lies in basis of these phenomena that determines their likeness. Thus his conclusion that obtrusive actions and an obtrusive neurosis can be examined as a pathological copy of religion development, defining a “neurosis as individual religiousness, religion as universal neurosis of the obtrusive states”. (more…)

Custom term paper on Psychology and Spirituality

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The influence of famous psychologist Carl Jung sometimes was useful in quite different and interesting situations. Once he treated a man, who suffered from alcoholism, but none method helped. Than doctor advice him to apply to the spirituality. The patient came back The USA and joined to the Christian evangelical movement. And this “medicine” helped him to stop drink! He told about this method other people with the same problem. The Jung’s ideas became widely adopted in the program for Alcoholics Anonymous, which consists of 12 steps.
In his article “Psychology and Religion” Jung consider such moments. For the psychology the only truth is fact but not judgements. For example, speaking about reason of the Immaculate Conception, psychology is interested in exceptionally the fact of presence of such idea; it is not occupied by a question about truth or falsity of this idea in any other sense. From point of psychology this idea is true exactly so, as far as it exists. Psychological existence is subjective only until one or another idea seizes only one individual, the same idea becomes objective, when it is accepted by the society the way of “consensus gentium”. (more…)

Buy an essay on Psychology and Spirituality

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Spirituality can not be taken to the high and scalene developed intellect because it is not only a problem of consciousness but also emotional category, providing in a difficult dialog of kind and wicked beginnings of life the priority of the first. For one it is support on the moral of society, on principles of religious dogmas, for other it is an own conscience, not allowing to step over a line after which catches a danger to hurt interests of other people. If a man does not break the laws of justice not from fear before punishment, but on the dictate of his own moral aims violation of which threatens him the loss of self-esteem, it is already a sign of the higher constitution of his soul.
With the propagation of spirituality scientists have not still clarified its position in psychology. At the beginning they tried to separate the notion of spirituality and religion and determine its own dogmata and laws through the Freud’s idea of psychoanalysis, according to which the religion was proclaimed as a kind of pathology.
The scientists have made the researches and ascertained that Freud partly was right – the religion can be a neurotic. But such scientists as William James, Gordon Allport, Erich Fromm, Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow and Rollo May pay a great attention to the religion in the psychology. Carl Jung noticed that it is possible to help the middle-age patient only in that case if he appeals to the spirituality. (more…)

Custom essays on Psychology and Spirituality

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In my essay I aim to consider different point of views upon the interrelation of psychology and spirituality. First of all I want to determine some definitions which will be useful for me.
Psychology is a science which studies the rules of mental activity.
Spirituality is the uniting of society origins, expressed as moral values and traditions, arts concentrated in images. The projection of spirituality in individual consciousness is named a conscience. Some of the authors of articles are able to use different approach to this problem. So I decided to mention the possible models of the correlation of psychology and spirituality:
 Religion and Psychology;
 Religion vs. Psychology;
 Psychology of Religion;
 Psychology of the Religion.
The famous Russian psychologist Sobchik L.N. noticed in her article “the Problem of Spirituality in Psychology” that spirituality – is a higher level of man self-consciousness and emotionally differentiated attitude toward the surrounding life phenomena. This concept can not be substituted by a high intellect and erudition. From one side, propensity to the searches of higher sense of life, orientation of interests on other except for the pragmatic necessity of cognition sphere, observation and tolerance in relationships with people, going from a heart kindness and compassion fully can be peculiar to the of little education people. (more…)

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