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// May 24th, 2013 // No Comments » // Free essays

The Great Depression was one of the deepest economic crises in the history of the US. At the same time, the decade of the fast economic growth preceded the Great Depression. The economic prosperity was the result of the fast development of the US economy in the time of the growing supply of American products to Europe, which recovered from World War I. To put it more precisely, the rise of supply of products to Europe stimulated the fast development of business in the US and growth of different industries, especially agriculture. In addition, the US replaced many European countries in international markets. The US agriculture developed fast as well as financial market that accelerated the economic development.
However, the housing market bubble in California and speculations in the US financial market led to the Black Tuesday, when the Great Depression had got officially started. In fact, the major problem of the US economy was the deep crisis of the financial market and speculations, which actually provoked the financial crisis. The downfall of financial market provoked panic and crisis in the US economy, involving international trade and other countries of the world. (more…)

Custom essays on What is History

// November 1st, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

In the Middle Ages the historiography like other spheres of life and science were highly influenced and motivated by religion which made the historians select facts and explain them in the way it was favorable for the church. Among great reformers of these times were Saint Augustine and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Further, essentially based on the discoveries of the antic period and Christianity modern historiographic methods were developed through the 17-18th centuries, most of all in Germany and France. Those developments brought to life the influential genius of German thinker Leopold von Ranke (1795 – 1886). He initiated the method of source-based historiography and determined the tone for further history writing. He made a stress on historicism and empiricism by primary sources engagement (he absolutized archives) and tried to be as objective as possible without giving judgments: “To history has been assigned the office of judging the past, of instructing the present for the benefit of future ages. To such high offices this work does not aspire: It wants only to show what actually happened (wie es eigentlich gewesen)” (Krieger 141). The latter statement was accepted as basic principle by many historians. Ranke looked for historical bounds between events taking place in different parts of the human civilization. Still it didn’t mean he insisted on treating all the nations alike. On the contrary, he emphasized importance of taking to account the interior motives of each folk and each historical period.
Transition to the hard trials of the 20th century overturned the conscience of human being, and of course they couldn’t leave views of historians unaltered. Academicians left the tradition to focus on epic narratives with nationalistic character and began to analyze social and intellectual forces in total in more complicated and objective way. And if earlier many historians regarded history as a kind of art, for the 20th century researchers it has determinedly become a social science. One of the brightest representatives of this generation was Edward Hallett “Ted” Carr, outstanding British left-wing historian. Carr denied Ranke’s empiricism as outmoded approach, and explained that it is impossible to write only objective truth because historians do value when they already select facts to use and describe: “The belief in a hard core of historical facts existing objectively and independently of the interpretation of the historian is a preposterous fallacy, but one which it is very hard to eradicate” (Cox 207). (more…)

Buy an essay: What is History

// November 1st, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

If we don’t know history, we stay children forever. These words of Marcus Tullius Cicero partly describe the significance of knowledge about the past, but through thousand years there have been numerous ideas of what history really is. This question has been revised by different historians and philosophers of different epochs and countries, but still not many of them were really equipped well to find adequate answers. This field of knowledge is considered to be a thought-provoking one, controversial and dialectical as well, but it makes each discovery even more exciting and stimulating.
To understand where humanity is now, we first of all need to overview how the attitude to this science and art has been changing through ages, how historiographic guidelines and methods have been developing and subduing each other, and in what way the ideas of thinkers have been rising. As we know, people developed language and script to be able to transmit messages through space and time. They had to share information with neighboring tribes and to pass important knowledge to next generations. In this way on some stage prehistorical period was over and history began its routes in search of techniques and concepts for primary sources to be applied and interpreted, for other evidence to be researched and for history itself to be written down. (more…)

Buy an essay on History and Artist

// October 29th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

The development of art in the 20th century was accompanied by numerous experiments, which have started at the beginning of the century and persist till present days. At the same time, numerous experiments as well as the development of the 20th century art at large mirrored the development of the society and substantial socio-cultural changes that took place in the 20th century. In such a context, it seems to be quite natural that the most significant changes in the art occurred during the most turbulent periods in the 20th century. In this respect, the beginning of the century was a particularly important period because it was a time of dramatic changes in the social, cultural, economic and political life of the world. The world grew more and more pragmatic and the art tended to experiments which were accompanied by the development of new styles. This epoch was the epoch of the emergence of modernism which focused on new forms and understanding of art. Gradually, experiments launched at the beginning of the century outgrew into a strong movement – pop art, which eventually became mainstream.
At the same time, many artists attempted to express their own vision of the world. They conducted experiments which lead to the emergence of new forms and styles, while some artists simply attempted to express their own self and they used arts as the means of self-expression. In this respect, works of outsiders are particularly noteworthy. Their works may be not well-known to the mass audience, but they still have a huge artistic value due to their originality and inexpressible genuine style. In actuality, it is possible to name such artists as Henry Darger, Joseph Elmer Yaokum, and Drossos P. Skylass, whose works were not well-known to the public, while some of them became available to the public only after the death or artists. Nevertheless, the artistic value of these works can hardly be underestimated. (more…)

History Essay Paper

// October 29th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

The idea of the creation of a stable balance of power was and still is extremely popular, although today, this idea has lost its significance because of the unification of Europe, but, in the past, this idea was really important because Europe was historically the arena of permanent wars and conflicts between local nation states. In this respect, the post-Napoleonic Europe was particularly interested in the stable balance of power because all leading powers needed a break after the Napoleonic wars to recover and to regain their power. In order to create a stable balance of power in Europe, the Congress took place in Vienna where leaders of the major powers of Europe, Great Britain, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prussia and Russia attempted to settle the post-Napoleonic development of Europe avoiding conflicts and wars. In terms of this policy, the four countries agreed on the Concert of Europe which was supposed to maintain the balance of power.
In fact, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that the decision taken in Vienna had a considerable impact on the development of European politics and relationships between states in the post-Napoleonic world. The main decision that was taken in Vienna implied the introduction of the congress system, the Concert of Europe, with the help of which the leading powers, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia could settle all the questions and problems that arose in the continent or involved European countries. The idea was that the leaders of the four countries should gather to plan solutions to existing problems by mutual agreement. In such a way, the leading powers attempted to avoid military conflicts and solve existing contradictions and problems peacefully by means of mutual agreement. The latter was particularly important since it opened the way to a totally new philosophy of international relations. The Vienna Congress actually was supposed to make relationships between leading European countries peaceful and free of military conflicts.
However, the idea of the Concert of Europe and the peaceful solution of all the problems European countries faced was not implemented efficiently. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the reaction of the leading European powers to revolutions in Latin America. In fact, the revolutions that took place in Latin American apparently undermined the position of Spain and Portugal, which were the major powers in Latin America and which controlled the continent before the revolutions. Obviously, both Spain and Portugal needed the support of the leading European powers to oppress the revolutions and to preserve control over colonies overseas. At the same time, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia were not really interested in the maintenance of Spain and Portugal as powerful states. In this regard, Great Britain was interested in the opposite. To put it more precisely, Great Britain was interested in the weakening of Spain and Portugal because, in such a way, Great Britain would get rid of major rivals in the sea trade as well as overseas colonization. In addition, Great Britain itself faced the Revolution in America which led to the independence of the USA. Obviously, Great Britain was not interested in the support of Spain and Portugal. Remarkably, other countries of the Concert of Europe also paid little attention to problems of Spain and Portugal. Thus, they practically ignored the revolutions in Latin America. At any rate, their reaction was moderate and did not influence the balance of power in the world that actually sanctioned the independence of Latin American states after the revolutions. (more…)

Buy an essay on “World History: Curriculum and Controversy” by Peter Sterns

// September 27th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

“World History: Curriculum and Controversy” by Peter Sterns
Traditionally, school standards in history were consistently affected by the dominant ideology. It is not a secret that practically each nation has its own interpretations of historical events, figures and facts. In this respect, the US is not an exception and the American legislative and executive power tends to support the traditional representation of history which actually represents an American retrospective on history, which is not absolutely objective, while more objective world standards are rejected. In fact, this the major problem that Peter Sterns discusses in his article and it is hardly possible to disagree with the author in regard to the injustice of such an approach to school standards in history because they contribute to the formation of subjective, westernized and Americanized view of history which does not contribute to multiculturalism, tolerance and objective interpretation of historical facts. On the other hand, the negative reaction of the US legislators on attempts to introduce world school standards in history is quite comprehensible and it is hardly possible to expect a different reaction because history is a powerful ideological tool which allows forming the national consciousness uniting people and forming the American nation, while the introduction of new, world standards would undermine the foundation of the American system and standards in teaching history. In such a situation, the national consciousness and the formation of “correct” ideas turns to be more important for the US legislators than the formation of objective perception of history by American students. In this respect, it should be said that the dominance of American standards may be a significant obstacle on the way of the development of equal and friendly relationship of American with other nations since the idea of pan-Americanism, which may be traced throughout American standards in history, leads to the formation of superiority of Americans compared to other people.

“So Many Africas, So Little Time: Doing Justice to Africa in the World History Survey” by Jonathan T. Reynolds.
The historical view of Africa was and still is consistently affected by biases and stereotypes which prevail in the historical works of many specialists and Jonathan T. Reynolds lays emphasis on the fact that, in spite of consistent advances in the study of the history of Africa in the context of the world history, the existing historical views of Africa are simplified and not absolutely objective. To put it more precisely, the studies focused on the history of Africa are often superficial and represent the view from outside, instead of the view from within. What is meant here is the fact that the history of Africa is researched and interpreted under the impact of external factors, such as the impact of western historians who researched the history of Africa and provided their own interpretation of the history, while local specialists are often underrepresented in global terms. Hence, the history of Africa basically remains a terra incognita for modern scientists as well as students learning the history of Africa. Such a situation may be easily explained by the past historical experience and traditions in the historical science because Africa traditionally was an outsider in the world history, while the attention of historians was mainly focused on Europe, Asia and America, which actually defined the development of the entire world, while Africa was viewed as a continent where historical events were of the local significance and does really affected the development of the world especially in the modern epoch. In addition, the history of Africa is simply under-researched that also decreases scientists’ knowledge of the history of Africa.

Chapter 5
Why was the Phoenician alphabet so significant in world history?
The Phoenician alphabet became one of the earliest alphabets which lay foundation for the writing in the ancient world. In fact, it was the first attempt to create a system of written language with the help of which people could make records and communicate. Moreover, the Phoenician experience was later borrowed and modernized by other ancient civilizations. (more…)

History Essay

// September 5th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

1. How did geography influence the spread of culture and state in North America and Mesoamerica
Geography produced a significant impact on the spread of culture and state in North America and Mesoamerica because the population settled in areas which were the most suitable for living. As a rule, people settled near rivers in areas suitable for the development of agriculture, cattle farming or rich in games. These areas provided the stable supply of food and essential materials for the normal functioning of local communities, while the surplus production stimulated the development of exchange and, therefore, trade (Armesto, 347). The latter stimulated the growth of settlements and cultural exchanges between communities, while the strengthening of settlements stimulated their expansion, including invasion of other territories which could enrich the invaders. As a result, first stat emerged.
2. Why was the Indian Ocean so important for the spread of culture?
The Indian Ocean served as an important route which linked different peoples inhabiting the coast of the ocean. In fact, ocean routes proved to be the most efficient ways of communication between different civilizations, for instance that of India and the Middle East and Mesopotamia (Armesto, 356). The Indian Ocean represented the shortest way to contact other cultures that resulted in the spread of culture on its coasts.
3. Why were land routes across Eurasia less significant than sea routes across the Indian Ocean?
Land routes across Eurasia were less significant than routes across the Indian Ocean because the land infrastructure were poorly developed while the territory of Eurasia, linking developed civilizations of the Mediterranean and Eastern civilizations, including that of China and India, were not densely populated and they were insecure because of the risk of attacks from the part of nomads (Armesto, 362). In contrast, sea routes were shorter and safer to use. In addition, the major cultural and economic centers were linked to sea ports which facilitated the use of sea routes and stimulated people to use sea instead of land. Moreover, land routes needed were economically less beneficial because costs on the supply of food and essential materials were higher compared to sea routes and it was more difficult to get food in deserted areas.
4. How did relative cultural isolation affect Japan and Western Europe during these centuries? (more…)

History custom essays

// September 5th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Question 1.
The development of Afro-Eurasian network between 600CE and the 1400s was characterized by the progressive development of civilizations which constituted the core of this network, while states which were on the periphery of the network were characterized by backwardness. In this respect, it should be said that civilizations progressed and disappeared but the basic principles and regions where they emerged remained practically unchangeable. In this respect, it is possible to distinguish several regions which were cradles of civilizations in Afro-Eurasian network. One of the major regions where civilizations progressed was the Mediterranean including coast of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Armesto, 2005, p.72). Many advanced civilizations appeared in this region and they took the leading position in the Afro-Eurasian network, especially compared to African region and northern regions of Eurasia.
At the same time, there Middle East maintained its significance though gradually contacts between East and West weakened and the role of the Middle East as a bridge between Far East and Europe decreased. As for the Far East it was another core region, where Indian, Chinese and Japanese civilization played the dominant role. The advanced civilizations dominated in the Afro-Eurasian network, while the backwardness of peripheral civilizations made them unable to compete with leading civilizations, which often invaded or controlled peripheral civilizations (Armesto, 2005, p.79). However, often the periphery of Afro-Eurasian network often remained out of interests of leading civilizations. For instance, a large part of African continent remained undiscovered and was a kind of terra incognita for advanced civilizations to the North from Africa from central Africa. (more…)

Custom term paper on Psychology and History

// September 5th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Describe the id, ego and superego and how they interact

Id, ego and superego are closely intertwined. The Id comprises the unorganized part of the personality structure that constraints the basic drives (Zimbardo, 2005, p.206). The ego comprises that organized part of the personality structure, while the super ego comprises that organized part of the personality structure, but not entire unconscious.

10. Compare and contrast Freud’s, Horney’s, Jung’s and Adler’s theories of personality.

Freud focuses on the analysis and understanding of unconscious. Horney stands on the ground that self is the core of one’s own being and potential (Zimbardo, 2005, p.211). Jung focuses on apprehension and integration of deep and motivations. Adler lays difference on difference of individuals.

Buy an essay on Psychology/History

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What is DSM IV and how is it used?
DSM IV is diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder which is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorders and the criteria for diagnosing them.
5. Pick five personality disorders and discuss, compare and contrast each of the five.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by the failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless, irresponsibility, lack of remorse. The narcissistic personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy (Zimbardo, 2005, p.183). Obsessive compulsive personality disorder is characterized by the general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules, and excessive orderliness. Dependent personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. The avoidance personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive psychological avoidance of other people (more…)