Posts Tagged ‘China’

Buy an essay: Japan and China

// October 13th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

The Second Sino-Japanese War lasted for 8 years, from the 7-th of July, 1937 to the 9-th of September, 1945. The origin of the conflict belonged to the First Sino-Japanese war of 1894—1895 years, in which China, ruled by the Manchurian Qing dynasty, was raided by Japan and compelled to give Taiwan and declare the independence of Korea. Imperialistic Japan began war in an attempt to destroy the Chinese central government of Kuomintang and create the puppet regimes, following Japanese interests. But inability of Japan to finish the war in China and get the desired completion, connected with the more and more unfavorable trade barriers of the Western countries in reply to proceedings actions in China, resulted in the large requirements of Japan in natural resources, which was present in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines, controlled by Great Britain, Netherlands and the USA accordingly. Japanese strategy of taking-over of these forbidden resources resulted in an attack on Pearl Harbor and beginning of the Second World War.
The Japanese empire put a purpose to keep the Chinese territory, creating in the rear of it different structures, allowing control occupied territories maximally effective. An army had to operate at support of fleet. The marine landings were actively used for the swift capture of settlements without the necessity of frontal offensive on distant approaches. On the whole the army had advantages in an armament, organization and mobility, and the superiority in the air and at the seaside.
The historians consider that the Second Sino-Japanese began in on July 7, 1937 at the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, designating the official beginning of full-scale war between two countries. But some scientists contend that it began in 1931, when the intruding to Manchu happened (also known as the «Mukden Incident»).
August, 8 — November, 8. The Second Shanghai battle took place during which the numerous Japanese landings consisting of the 3-th expeditionary corps of Matsui at intensive support from the sea and air managed to capture a city in spite of strong resistance from Chinese side. At the same time the Japanese 5-th division of Itagaki was ambushed and raided by the 115-th division in the north of Shanxi province. Japanese lost 3 thousand soldiers and their basic armament.
Pinsinguan battle had a large propagandist value in China and became the largest battle of communist army with the Japanese during the whole war
Aerial combat between Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Air Forces began in August of 1937. By the end of 1940 the Chinese Air Forces were practically destroyed. There were not opportunities to renew and support them. During next few years the Imperial Navy and Army Forces launched the massive air bombing raids of civil settlements. As a result: thousands of the killed and injured people. (more…)

Custom term paper: The emergence of pop culture in China in the 20th century

// October 13th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

The development of China in the 20th century was characterized by the dramatic changes on all level of the life of Chinese society. The first half of the 20th century was an extremely turbulent epoch when China evolved from a weak, practically defenseless state into the People’s Republic of China controlled by the Communist regime. In fact, the first half of the century may be characterized as revolutionary since Chinese people led the struggle with the foreign oppression and expansion of foreign countries. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that, during this period, the development of the pop culture in China was accompanied by a significant impact of the western culture. In the epoch of the dominance of foreign countries in China, its culture was viewed as inferior, while the western culture was viewed as superior and, therefore, it served as a model for the development of the popular culture in China.
Basically, the development of the popular culture in China after 1911 and till the middle of the century was characterized by the growing trends to experiments in Chinese art and western trends grew stronger in the country. However, it is worth mentioning the fact that the emergence of modernist movement in China was consistently weaker compared to western countries, where modernist movements became dominant and defined the development of pop culture and pop art. In fact, experiments in Chinese art did not affect considerably the development of Chinese culture en mass. Instead, it remained traditional and oriented on basic religious teachings, such as Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
Even the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 did not bring considerable changes in the pop culture of Chinese people since traditional cultural values remained very strong and influential. At the same time, it is worth mentioning the fact that the establishment of the Communist regime in China was accompanied by certain changes in traditional values and cultural norms, though, at the beginning, the efforts of Communists could not fully defeat or totally change the dominant ideology and cultural norms. In this respect, it should be said that Communists attempted to tolerate traditional Chinese culture to some extent. To put it more precisely, the main changes were concentrated on attempts to remove traditional inequalities that were common in Chinese culture. (more…)

Custom essay: The cultural background of China

// October 13th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Traditionally, religions played an important role in the life of Chinese people. As a result relations existing between people were also strictly regulated by different religious norms and traditions. In fact, until the 20th century and even during the 20th century after the Communist regime came in power, religious teachings still affected the life of Chinese people and even influenced the development of pop culture. In such a context, it would quite logical to dwell upon basic Chinese religions of the classic period and analyze their influence on people and how they defined their everyday life and behavior.
First of all, it should be said that many religions tend to regulate relations between rulers and average people. Basically, practically all of them promoted the idea of a complete obedience to those in power and people were promised to have better life either after their death or in their next life.
Speaking in details about each of main religions in China, it may be said that Taoism, for instance, sought to promote inner peace for individuals and harmony with their surroundings. According to this religion, the goal of life of every person was to cultivate mystical relationship to Tao. It meant that adherent were recommended to “avoid dispersing their energies through the pursuit of wealth, power, or knowledge” (Thompson 1996:324). On the contrary, each Taoist should be able to concentrate on life itself through the shunning of every earth distraction. Taoists believed that a good moral life would provide health and well being of a person like an award for proper moral life. Furthermore, the longer the Taoist’s life, the more saintly the person was presumed to have become and ideally it should lead to immortal life. (more…)

Custom essay on Cultural differences as the cause of the war

// September 20th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

On analyzing the causes of the war, the most obvious cause that practically lays on the surface is opium. It should be pointed out that the Opium war was provoked by the conflict between China and Britain over the opium trade. At this point, it is necessary to briefly dwell upon the historical background which preceded the war.
Basically, by 1820 the trade between the British Empire and China trade, but in order to avoid the trade deficit and minimize negative economic effects of the growing import of Chinese goods, such as tea and various spices, the British authorities started to develop the opium trade with China using opium as the means of payment. As the trade between two countries emerged the opium trade grew progressively to the extent that it started to influence the national interests of China, undermining the health of Chinese people and economy of the country.
In this respect, it should be said that the consumption of opium in China became almost a norm and was practically uncontrollable, though it was illegal. In response to the deteriorating situation in the country, the Chinese emperor attempted to establish the control of the state over the opium trade that inevitably led to the conflict with British traders, which, in its turn, resulted in the military confrontation between China and the British Empire. (more…)

Buy essay on Opium War in China

// September 20th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

The Opium War that broke out between China and the British Empire in the 19th century marked the clash of two different civilizations and, to a significant extent, defined the further confrontation between Western civilization and China. In the epoch the cultural difference between Britain and China was so significant that the war between the two countries could be viewed as the clash of two different cultures. In this respect, it should be said that the view on the Opium war as the clash of two civilizations is widely spread, but in order to prove this point, it is necessary to analyze in details the factors that actually led to the war. It is worth mentioning the fact that, along with cultural differences, there were significant economic interests of both Britain and China which were affected by the opium trade and the efforts of China to establish its control over it.  (more…)

Custom essays on Socio-cultural background of China and its impact on motivation

// September 7th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Historically, China was an isolated country, which lacked contacts with western civilization. Naturally, the isolation of China from the western world contributed to the formation of unique culture which is absolutely different from the culture of western countries. Consequently, it is necessary to adopt the traditional approach to motivation to the local specificities and cultural traditions and norms. Otherwise, motivational approaches, which may be highly efficient in Europe or in America, for instance, will fail in China. Often companies underestimate the importance of socio-cultural background and its impact on motivation, but, in actuality, the socio-cultural background plays the determinant role in the motivation of the personnel of the company. It is extremely important to meet the expectations of employees and develop strategies which can work in a specific cultural environment.
In this respect, it is important to underline that the main distinguishable feature of Chinese culture, which produces a profound impact on employees and, therefore, can define the choice of motivational strategies, is the role of community for Chinese employees. What is meant here is the fact that Chinese employees are deprived of the individualism, which is typical for western societies. Instead, Chinese employees are mainly oriented on the interest of their social group or, in case of the company, on the interests of the company, which they rather view as a family, than an organization where each employee should pursue his or her personal interests and goals above all. Hence, the goals and interests of the organization prevail in the mentality of Chinese employees.
Furthermore, the leadership plays a very important role in the life and work of Chinese people. In fact, Chinese employees are traditionally oriented on the total obedience to the leader, who plays the role of a head of the social group or the group of employees. On the one hand, this trait is useful for the company because managers can rely on employees who obey and follow the directions of managers. On the other hand, there are significant drawbacks of such mentality. For instance, the obedience and orientation of Chinese employees on the leader deprives them of individual initiative and, what is more, they can hardly work effectively if they get a large autonomy, which is widely applied in western companies. Moreover, being a leader, a manger has not only a high formal and informal authority but he or she has also a huge responsibility because, according to Chinese cultural norms and traditions, the leader should take care of the personnel. In such a way, the organizational culture of Chinese people tends to certain paternalism, which apparently produces a significant impact on the choice of motivational strategies.
Thus, cultural specificities of Chinese employees can affect consistently the development of business in China and, what is more, these specificities make motivational strategies, which may function perfectly well in a different cultural environment, are practically useless or ineffective in China. (more…)

Custom essays on Planning Motivational Strategies for China

// September 7th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

China is one of the most prospective economies in the world. Today, a dynamic development of the Chinese economy contributes to the rapid progress of the country and its competitiveness on the international market. Within less than a half century, China has evolved from a poorly developed country into one of the leading world’s economies. In such a situation, it is quite natural that many companies view China as a target market or as a country where they can develop their business, manufacturing facilities and invest money effectively. The interest of foreign investors to China grows stronger and it is accelerated by the current policy of the Chinese government which targets at the attraction of foreign investments. The latter is very important for China because foreign direct investments stimulate the development of national economy and maintain the stable and high level of economic progress. No wonder, the growth of Chinese GDP annual rate is one of the highest in the world and, at average, it constitutes 10% of annual growth (So, 2001).
At the same time, while developing business in China, it is necessary to take into consideration local specificities. In this respect, it is worth mentioning various factors which can influence the development of business, such as the high level of corruption, the control of the state over national economy and state interference in and regulation of business, and many others. However, there is also an important factor, which is not related to external influences on the functioning of a company in China, this is the mentality of the local population, which can be employed in the company. As the matter of fact, Chinese employees have a very different mentality and socio-cultural background compared to western employees, for instance. Therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration socio-cultural specificities of Chinese employees while developing effective motivational strategies, which may be clue for the successful development of business in China. (more…)

Buy an essay The Deficiencies and Weaknesses of China’s Leadership

// June 20th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Introduction – the description of the position of China in the late 1800s. The major problems the country faced in that time were: the technological backwardness of China, its socioeconomic backwardness, the maintenance of the ruling Manchu dynasty and numerous challenges to catch up with the rapidly progressing neighbors of China. The country had a great potential but it had poor leadership, which presumably led to the failure of China as the regional leader but, on the other hand, China’s leaders relied heavily on Chinese traditions and maintained their power for a long time that proved the effectiveness and ability to govern the country.
The historical background – the development of China differed from that of its major rivals and western countries. The difference was, to a significant extent, determined by the rigidness of its leadership. At the same time, Western countries outpaced technologically China and increased their impact on China as well as on other countries of the world. Japan, the major rival of China in the region, followed the lead of western countries and its leaders introduced innovations both technological and administrative to lead the country effectively.
Weaknesses of Chinese leadership – the weakness of China’s leadership was determined by its conservatism and dependence on traditions along with constant scheming and plots.
a. Bureaucratic problems – the high level of bureaucratization made the government of China ineffective because bureaucrats slowed down the introduction of innovations, which were introduced en masse in other countries, including Japan. In addition, bureaucratic problems were closely intertwined with corruption and ineffective management nationwide.
b. Rigidness and exclusiveness – China’s leadership was rigid and hostile to strangers and outsiders. Instead, the ruling elite focused on the maintenance of its power but it failed to prevent plots and scheming. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the impact of Cixi – the princess who held power behind the screen. Such a split of power undermined the effectiveness of China’s leadership because the existence of hidden powers and leaders undermined the authority of formal leaders of China. (more…)

Buy an essay: China in Africa

// June 10th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

Nowadays, China is rapidly increasing its cooperation with Africa to the extent that this country gradually becomes the major player in the continent along with representatives of the leading Western countries. In such a situation, specialists have started to argue about the possible consequences of such a profound interest of China to Africa, which is argued to be quite unpredictable. On the one hand, it is argued that China involvement in African affairs and development is extremely beneficial for the continent that suffers from poverty, economic and technological backwardness, and political instability. On the other hand, it is argued that China may be viewed as a new colonizer of the Africa that came to the continent after the withdrawal of Europeans and, what is more, China gradually push Western companies from African market and occupies the leading if not to say dominant positions. At the same time, China’s involvement in Africa, even though it is based on economic interests, also implies the growing political interference that is also quite disturbing. In such a situation, it is extremely important to analyze the recent trends in order to clearly define the consequences of such a policy of China in   Africa. (more…)

Buy essay: China’s economic development and environment

// June 9th, 2012 // No Comments » // Free essays

On realising the fact that economic development and environmental situation are closely interlinked and are dependent on one another, it is now necessary to analyse the current economic development of China and its impact on environment. Obviously, it is very important that the economic progress did not deteriorate the environmental situation because poor environmental conditions prevent from constant economic growth. On the other hand, sustainable economic development leads to the general improvement of environmental conditions due to the implementation of new technologies and methods that are environmentally safer and economically less expansive.
Speaking about the current situation in Chinese economy and environment, it should be pointed out that the country’s present environmental problems are those typically encountered by nations transitioning from early-industrial to late-industrial stages of development. In order to support this statement, it is worth to mention that, as a less-developed nation, China’s obsolescent machinery, dated production techniques, and top-heavy, centralized industrial structures are highly pollution-intensive. Meanwhile, China’s fantastic economic growth has been accompanied by newer forms of pollution, particularly those associated with automobile, urban congestion, waste disposal, and sanitation. In fact, nowadays China is experiencing the worst of both the developed and underdeveloped worlds (Beckerman 1996, p.31). (more…)

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