Custom essay writing service

Custom essays on Ethics in International Affairs and Double Standards

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:31:33 +0000

The intervention can be morally legitimate, even if the intervention is illegal in terms of current international legislation and norms, when the local government cannot stop military crimes, crimes against humanity and other severe crimes that threaten to many civilians and provoke mass murders or humanitarian catastrophes.
The conflict in Darfur has broken out between representatives of two different ethnic groups, Arab and non-Arab. The former were represented by military and militia and the Sudanese government provided Arab ethnic group with ample financial and technical support, while the rebellious opponents represented black population of Sudan and were severely oppressed by the forces supported by the Sudanese officials.
Moreover, the operations of the militia and military against the rebels were accompanied by numerous murders of the civilian population of Sudan and the victims were non-Arab people, even though they had no relation to clandestine activity or opposition. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the UN data, according to which in the result of conflict 450.000 people died from violence and disease, while Sudan government claims that there had been just 9.000 deaths since the beginning of the conflict (Prunier, 211). Obviously, the official Sudanese data are underestimated, while the data of UN and non-governmental organizations are not very precise because the Sudanese government actively opposes to the investigation of the situation in Darfur by the UN specialists and other non-governmental organizations. In fact, the unwillingness of the Sudanese government to admit foreign observers to the region of the conflict may be viewed as an indirect evidence of the genocide of non-Arab population of Darfur. custom essays
On the other hand, even those scarce data that had been collected within the period of the conflict proved the fact that the conflict in Darfur may be characterized as the policy of genocide and the US repeatedly raised this problem on the international level appealing to the world community and the UN, in particular, to undertake active steps to prevent the further genocide of non-Arab population of Darfur. However, the UN tended to take a neutral position in regard to the genocide and, instead, this international organization stood on the ground that the conflict is a purely military conflict which had nothing to do with genocide. Such a position of the UN was absolutely contrasting to the position of non-governmental organizations and mass media which described the conflict as both “ethnic cleanings” and “genocide” (Prunier, 296).
In stark contrast, the UN reports defined the conflict in Darfur as non-genocidal. To put it more precisely, in 2005 the UN report stated that while there were mass murders and rapes, they could not label it as genocide because “genocidal intent appears to be missing” (Report, 67). Or even later, when the genocide grew stronger in Darfur, the UN Commission found that “technically there was not genocide in the legal sense of the term but that massive violations of human rights and humanitarian law were continuing” (Ki-moon, 113). These reports prove the fact that the perception and interpretation of the conflict by the UN was inadequate since, in addition to numerous murders of non-Arab population, there were 1.6 million people internally removed, while mass executions became a norm.
In the result of the unwillingness of the UN to define the conflict as genocide the measures undertaken by the UN were also insufficient to stop the conflict because it was obvious that ill-equipped 7.000 troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force was unable to stop the conflict and ongoing genocide, while the efforts of the UN to strengthen its military contingent in the area by a new 17.300 troop UN peacekeeping force faced a strong opposition from the part of Sudan.
The UN should have the right to international intervention, as the government of Sudan failed to protect civilians from genocide. In fact, the situation in Darfur was the genocide that went out of control of the local government. Moreover, the local government even supported the policy of genocide. However, the UN failed to undertake any actions to stop the genocide in Darfur. In such a situation, the criticism alone is not enough but the international intervention is needed to stop the genocide.
At the same time, the moral justification for intervention is important but needs the support in terms of legal evidence, such as the abuse of human rights, genocide and other acts conducted by certain groups or local governments that need the international intervention, as was the case of Darfur. War crimes, humanitarian crimes and other actions that provoke humanitarian catastrophes are a sufficient moral justification for the international intervention. Therefore, the intervention of international forces in the conflict in Darfur would be morally legitimate, even if it was legally not legitimate.
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the international intervention is important measure that should be undertake in response to war crimes, crimes against humanity and other crimes that provoke humanitarian catastrophes and such intervention should be implemented, when the local government is unable to cope with the situation, as was the case of Darfur. Therefore, the international intervention, being morally justified, can occur to save civilians and to prevent humanitarian catastrophes, when the situation goes out of control of the local government.
References
Diamond, Jared. Collapse. Penguin, 2005.
Ki-moon, Ban. “A Climate Culprit In Darfur”, Washington Post, June 16, 2007.
Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal. Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, Zed Books, London March 2006.
Prunier, Gerard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Cornell University Press, 2005.
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. United Nations, 25 January 2005.

Buy essay on Ethics in International Affairs and Double Standards

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:30:29 +0000

Today, ethics plays an important part in international affairs but often ethics is the tool of manipulation with the public opinion used by different countries and the UN. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the military conflict in Iraq and the case of genocide in Darfur. On the one hand, the US violated existing legal norms and launched the military operation in Iraq in 2003 to prevent the presumable threat of the use of the weapon of mass destruction by Iraq, regardless of the lack of support and legitimate mandate being granted by the UN and Security Council. On the other hand, the US and the UN had taken highly controversial decisions concerning Darfur recognizing the situation in Darfur as genocide but undertaking no military intervention or other effective international intervention to stop genocide. In this regard, the policy conducted by the US is highly controversial because the US violated legal norms but they started the conflict in Iraq on the ground of moral concerns and above all concerns with their national interests. In this regard, the dilemma arises since, on the one hand, the international intervention can be morally legitimate, whereas, on the other hand, the international intervention can be legally illegitimate. In such a situation, the international community needs to elaborate adequate assessment and policies that could guide actions being undertaken by the UN and international community in case of violation of human rights, war crimes, genocide and other crimes against humanity that put civilians under a threat, while the local government is unable to protect civilians at risk. In such cases, international community should interfere and stop conflicts to secure the position of civilians at risk and to help local government to maintain order and human rights. buy essay
In actuality, the international community should provide military and humanitarian assistance, even if such assistance is illegal because the indifference and non-interference of international community may provoke severe crimes being committed by undemocratic regimes. In fact, the policy of non-interference and the lack of control from the part of the international community leads to the risk of the violation of basic human rights and humanitarian catastrophes that may occur in different parts of the world as was the case of Darfur. On the other hand, the international interference cannot be uncontrollable because the international interference can occur only when the situation in certain region leads to war crimes and other crimes against humanity and the interference should be motivated by interests of civilians but not national or other interests of certain countries.
In this respect, it is possible to refer to the interference of the US in Iraq in 2003. In fact, the norm of humanitarian intervention has been affected negatively as the consequence of the intervention of the US in Iraq in 2003. The US justified its military intervention by concerns with its national interests and safety of its citizens because of the possible presence of the weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. However, the existing Iraqi regime maintained by Saddam Hussein did not expose the US or other countries to actual threats. At any rate, Iraq has undertaken no action that would manifest its open aggression against other states. In addition, the situation in Iraq was relatively stable and the civilian population of the country did not suffer from mass murders or genocide, although there were political repressions and oppression of opponents of the regime along with the violation of basic human rights. However, the violation of human rights alone is not enough for the international interference because such violation may occur in any country that does not mean that the international community should start the military action against this country. As for the threat of using the weapon of mass destruction, this threat was rather hypothetical. In addition, the fact of the possession of the weapon of mass destruction is not the reason for the international military intervention as was the case of the military intervention of the US in Iraq in 2003. For instance, today, many countries posses the weapon of mass destruction, including the US, some EU countries, Russia, and others but the international community does not even attempt to initiate any form of international intervention, even when human rights are violated.

Custom essays on Immigrants

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:26:35 +0000

the timeless nature of international migration reflects the dynamism of this phenomenon, it is evident that the instability in the world which many experience today and to which the events described above have undoubtedly contributed, has overshadowed the positive aspects of migration to the detriment of individual migrants
“A Seventh Man” is the research of both material circumstances and the spirit’s experience of the migrant workers. This book has appeared in 1975 for a first time, but it is still very up to date, because the immigration continues, although the experiences and expectations of these immigrant workers may be somehow different. The most important aspect of the issue of the immigrant workers experiences is that immigration is spread but it is still excluded from the local culture.
Until recently, Europe was seldom thought of as a continent of significant inward migration. In the United States, by contrast, there has never been any doubt about the centrality of immigration in the history of the nation, a perception encapsulated at a popular level in the notion of the American melting pot. In recent decades, immigration has become a major issue in many west European states.
The first feeling that immigrant worker faces with is the feeling of loneliness, the loss of a home; and also the loss of some important for this persons objects. Everyday objects in a house help people feel at home, and the use of such objects are comforting habits. Even possessions brought from home can be experienced quite differently in the new environment. custom essays
The social and cultural processes involved in immigrant assimilation or acculturation are complex, and these people who want to become integrated into the affairs of the host society must learn the behavioral norms and expected roles. They have to learn the socialization and try to learn some general cultural elements of the country he lives in. The integration patterns are often influenced by a number of reasons, such as age of the immigrant, his cultural and social values, his education and socioeconomic status. In any case, the ability of migrant workers to build social networks will ensure they are supported in a difficult situation.
Immigrant also experiences at the same time hope and despair and the feeling of THE absence of freedom. Freedom continues to be one the most important concept in modern and post-modern society. The majority of immigrant workers aren’t able to feel themselves free in the other country; they can’t pursue happiness from a life of work, family, the marketplace, the political process, cultural activities, sports, the sciences and the arts to a life. The inability to feel freedom and full happiness leads to the dissatisfaction of the immigrants. The freedom is not only the socio-political issue but rather psychological, metaphysical and religious perceptions of it.
The income that people derive from work profoundly conditions their level and style of living. The normal sociological approach to analysis of the inequalities of capitalist society is therefore to identify, first the distinction between property owners and those who live by their labour, and then a number of different types of occupations among the latter.
It’s interesting that employment is based at the heart of the neoliberal economic policy, because from its point of view, the jobs may be considered a tool of labor market, and the substantial social spending should be avoided, because it leads to some kind of dependency. There are certain social groups who are more vulnerable than others in conditions of neo liberal market and immigrant workers are definitely under the risk. There is a presumption can be made that the immigrant workers are being used as a part of a flexible and disposable labor force suited to the demands of the globalized, just-in-time economy, and as a source of blame for a host of social and economic problems. (Yans-McLaughlin, 1990)
John Berger and Jean Mohr especially emphasize the dissonance between the economic exploitation and the lack of freedom for immigrants and the neo liberal capitalism policy described above, and they give a name for it: “economic fascism”.
Unfortunately, nowadays the protection of the migrant workers is unsatisfying as well, because their exploitation still happens in Europe and in the UK. These workers still face with low wages pay, poor living conditions and long work hours, because they do not speak the local languages very well, and it employers take advantage of it.
The position of migrant workers and their families in international law is connected to their status as aliens. Throughout history aliens have always been treated differently from citizens. Traditional deprivations upon aliens have their roots deep in primitive suspicions and fears of the outsider.
Any established international legal rules concerned with the protection of aliens are therefore relevant when endeavoring to gauge the degree of protection migrants may expect to receive. Rudimentary standards regarding the treatment of aliens have developed over time and have become part of the international law of state responsibility. More recently, these standards have been reinforced, elaborated, and effectively superseded by the international community’s recognition of rights pertaining to all human beings.
References
Yans-McLaughlin, V. (1990) Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics. Oxford University Press. New York.

Buy essay on Migrant workers

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:25:09 +0000

This paper is dedicated to the discussion of the experience of the migrant worker in Europe that is described as the complex combination of the dream and nightmare of the immigrant. It’s interesting how John Berger and Jean Mohr’s work dedicated to migrant laborers contrasts with the shallow perceptions of Western world about them. Taking into account the fact that millions of migrant workers are employed in European countries, it’s obvious that the economics of many countries just aren’t able to exist without their labor, and therefore its quite important for any person to think about its issue, to consider the ways we may help these people by understanding their perception and expectations from the immigrant experience. Do we often think about the reasons why immigrant workers leave their homes and decide to do the work abroad? The search for the better life which at first seems to be a dream come true may soon turn into a nightmare, because of hard work conditions, unjust wages and many other factors that influence the state of mind of immigrant worker.buy essay
Since 1989, there have been many political changes, particularly in Europe. With the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the great ideological barrier between East and West has been swept aside. Many states have regained their political freedom after a long period of oppression. Many more have entered the arena of international affairs for the very first time. Conflict and unrest have spread to many corners of what was once the Soviet Union, where nations and peoples have sought to assert themselves after a long dark period of totalitarian rule. In Africa, genocidal atrocities, on an unprecedented scale, have been committed in Rwanda. These recent events, as is often the case, have eclipsed those unchanging concerns which have constantly preoccupied the international community, such as the scourge of poverty and the continuing and widening economic divide.
The end of the Second World War brought about a significant increase in migration generally. In addition to the forced migration of refugees and settlers from former colonies, many foreign workers flocked to Western Europe, mainly from southern Europe and the North Africa. These “guest workers” contributed significantly to the reconstruction of Western Europe after the devastation of the war and to the creation of economic prosperity shortly afterwards. Indeed, the influx of foreign labour in many Western European countries appeared to spiral uncontrollably upwards until the beginning of the 1970s.
In this transitional and uncertain world order, the migration of people, both involuntary and voluntary, remains a familiar and perennial concern. From the earliest times, people have migrated across frontiers for numerous and various reasons. War, famine, environmental and man-made disasters, political and religious persecution, and forced expulsions have caused and continue to cause the involuntary migration of individuals and groups all over the globe. One appalling example of forced migration was slavery. This profound affront to human dignity led to the deportation of whole peoples and depopulated Africa. The practice of slavery, together with colonialism, contributed greatly to the present economic gulf between developed and developing countries by restraining the socio-economic development of the latter. The inequitable socio-economic disparity between the North and South is also the principal cause of voluntary international migration. Indeed, most of international migration today is still in large part voluntary and constitutes the manifestation of a quest for a better life; hence the term ‘economic refugees’. Labour migration is simply one facet of this voluntary international migration.

Buy essay on Should Euthanasia Be Legalized?

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:23:08 +0000

Ever since the primitive human communities began to take care of those who were no more able to provide for by their own, humankind has been no more belonging to animal world. Since then neither subject of any monarch (whatever tyrant he be) nor a citizen of any republic has been supposed to be deprived of live not for having some committed act or omission. All the World Religions rest the responsibility for arbitrary deprivation of live exclusively upon God, inasmuch as the ways of His are inscrutable. So shall humans be allowed to assume the God’s role? In fact legalizing euthanasia means exactly that.
The very term “Euthanasia” derives from Greek and is for “good death”. Also known as “mercy killing”, euthanasia is the act of intentionally depriving someone of live or helping some person to die. Basically such interfering with the course of nature is a kind of murder committed under the pretext of compassion. Just the reverse, it encourages abuse offering doctors the right to kill those whose pain they are supposed to relieve. Dr. J. Forest Witten says that euthanasia would offer relatively small group of medics the “power of life and death” over those who are guilty of nothing but of being born or getting ill” (Humphries). buy essay
Dr. J Forest Witten is said to have made this statement in 1947, in Pennsylvania. That year Ellen Haug admitted to having murdered her elderly mother with overdose of hypnotic. According to an excuse she produced at court Ellen could not stand her mother’s misery and crying. The reason was not only vain. It was first and foremost selfish. Instead of getting her mother out of misery she was in fact getting rid of responsibility (Anti-Euthanasia).
It is no wonder that Nazi Germany pioneered the way of such “mercy killing” in modern times. Over 100,000 people perished in Nazi’s program of euthanasia. During World War II the physicians selected the patients to be euthanized at the especial murder centers. Nazi murderers in doctors’ smocks approached to euthanasia with hellish cynicism peculiar to the whole Nazi regime. The victims were transported to the killing centers by such organizations as Charitable Sick transports, General Ambulance Service and the Charitable Foundation for Institutional care where unfortunate wretches were killed by means of lethal injections while children were simply starved to death. Nevertheless, by 1942 euthanasia campaign was curtailed because the Reich was busied with the war against the Allies and lacked resources for fighting disabled
According to a recent Netherlands government in 1990 over 1000 patients of this country were murdered without any consent. 25 500 patients died because of withdrawal of support, 63% of them were denied treatment without their consent while 12% were not even consulted in spite of being mentally capable.
Those data had been publicized before 1991 referendum in Washington State and helped much to shatter the plans to legalize assisted suicide and lethal injections (Anti-Euthanasia). Nowadays euthanasia is illegal in most parts of the world. Nevertheless in some countries, including Netherlands, it is practiced although being illegal.
As it has already been mentioned above, euthanasia, in fact authorizes murder. Having taken Hippocratic Oath that demands to do a patient no harm (The Hippocratic Oath), the doctors nevertheless size an opportunity to assume the God’s authority to kill those in their care. The most outrageous example of such opportunism might be Dr. Jack Kevorkian, also known as “Dr Death”. Decades after Nuremberg Trial that doctor created a so-called “suicide machine” that offered a patient an opportunity to inject a lethal dose of medication to him/herself by merely pressing a button. “Dr. Death was eventually sentenced to two hundred and fifty years in prison for committing second-degree murder (Cavan, Seamus. “Euthanasia: The Debate Over the Right to Die.”).
Although the Nazis, Dr. Kevorkian and an irresponsible daughter from Pennsylvania in fact assumed the God’s authority, they all remained humans of flesh and bone, racked by fleshy passions. It means that they could have not bother themselves with such excuses as medical necessity of relieve the sick and the poor from their pains. Ellen Haug’s mother’s misery for example may have been not as terrible as we used to think. Instead, Ellen may have gotten tired of waiting for inheriting her mother’s property. Likewise occupants of numerous sheltered housings and hospices may be sacrificed under the pretext of cost cutting (American Medical Association Homepage).
Those advocating euthanasia often say that as long as everyone is his/her own destiny’s master, he/she has “natural” right to commit suicide. After coming to such a conclusion we could come down to the idea that humans may have natural right to deprive others of their lives arbitrarily. Some seventy years ago Nazis tried to justify their right to spare of the disabled and then slew up to six million of Jews. Our Lord in all His Wisdom did not permit this experiment to get crowned with success so Nazi regime was military defeated and thus collapsed. Yet if nevertheless he whole civilization fail again to learn a lesson from Him, the whole human race is likely to be defeated and tramped into savagery forever.

Custom term paper on Evaluating the Research Process

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:18:27 +0000

3. What is the data telling us in terms of statistical analysis?
There are two major purposes of using statistics in the social and behavioral studies: for the description of the object and events of the certain study and also for the drawing conclusions about the results that may be used in broader context principal question in inferential statistics is whether an outcome, finding, or observation from a study reflects some underlying phenomenon in the population. (Murphy and Myors, 1998)
The discussed article belongs to the second type of the studies because it provides the public with certain conclusion and may be used as a recommendation for the state policies. It suggests us the statistical hypothesis that: “Despite of household socioeconomic status, children attending public schools have higher BMI than those attending private schools. Eligibility for free or reduced-cost lunch or breakfast programs at public schools is positively correlated with children’s BMI. Children attending public schools are more likely to be overweight. In lower socioeconomic status households, school type does not have a significant effect on the probability of being overweight.” (Li and Hooker, 2010)
But it also indicates that despite its general statistical reliability and significance, it has some limitations; because it was designed in order “to investigate the overall health condition of children at a national level”. (Li and Hooker, 2010) Therefore, authors indicate that there is a need in the further studies relating to the issues childhood weight and health concerns. The authors even point out these important aspects of the general issue that need to be further researched, such as “the number of hours devoted to particular types of sports, and quality of access to parks and recreation facilities could be gathered.” (Li and Hooker, 2010)custom term paper
• Are the findings statistically significant?
The findings of the article are statistically significant as it is noted by its authors:
“Though clinically small, statistically significant effects on BMI were found for children from households eligible for the NSLP/SBP, attending public schools. “(Li and Hooker, 2010)
• Do the conclusions match the results of the study?
The conclusions and results of the current article “Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health” match and interrelate with each other.
The results of the article: “Though clinically small, statistically significant effects on BMI were found for children from households eligible for the NSLP/SBP, attending public schools…” (Li and Hooker, 2010) Therefore based on these results that involved careful and detailed analysis of a number of statistical variables, authors are able to conclude that “Regardless of household socioeconomic status, children attending public schools have higher BMI than those attending private schools. Eligibility for free or reduced-cost lunch or breakfast programs at public schools is positively correlated with children’s BMI…”
• Do the conclusions answer the research questions in the definition of the problem?
The study was aimed to research the” relationships between childhood obesity and family, school, and community factors”
In my opinion, the conclusions in general reply to the definition of the problem indicated in the introductory part of the article. The using of various statistical methods and models helped researchers to make a conclusion about the role of the type of school and other relating factors to the problem of childhood obesity. But the researched questions were not answered fully 100% because authors defined a number of areas that have be studied additionally to already published studies on this issue.
• Are the conclusions appropriate?
The conclusions made by Li and Hooker (2010) may be considered appropriate because they are the natural result of the whole process the social factors study described by its authors.
• Do you have enough information to make a decision on the effectiveness of the study?

The effectiveness of the study means that the results and conclusions have resulted in the improvements of the discussed object of research. We can’t measure the real effectiveness of the article, because the information that is given by the authors is not full, but we can assess its potential effectiveness. It will be an argument for schools, families, the local government’s policies, community organizations that are focused on prevention and reduction of the levels of childhood obesity. Authors indicate that the combined efforts of these social institutes may help to improve the situation and to reduce childhood obesity problems. (Li and Hooker, 2010)
Authors also claim that “the findings of this study could be used as a guide to direct clubs and organizations’ programs targeting those children who do not undertake physical activity regularly. Therefore, the role of clubs or organizations needs to be fully exploited, and may be facilitated by schools.” (Li and Hooker, 2010) Therefore, we may conclude that the study is potentially very effective, as it suggest the practical recommendations for the majority of parties involved in the researched issue of childhood obesity.

References

Daly, J. (1996) Ethical Intersections: Health Research, Methods, and Researcher Responsibility. Westview Press. Boulder, CO.
Li J, Hooker NH. (2010)Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health. J Journal of School Health 80: 96-103.
Link, A.N. (1996) Evaluating Public Sector Research and Development. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT.
Murphy, K. and Myors, B. (1998) Statistical Power Analysis: A Simple and General Model for Traditional and Modern Hypothesis Tests. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ.
Wallen, N.E., Fraenkel, J.R. (2001) Educational Research: A Guide to the Process. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ.

Buy essay on Evaluating the Research Process

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:17:07 +0000

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the research process described in the article Li and Hooker “Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health” (2010)
1. How is the literature review used in this research?
The literature review was used in order to present the researched issue mostly in the introductory part and also as he subject of study. The literature review was good and authors of this article have analyzed 32 literary sources in order to present a reliable report. Authors used all types of literary references including general references, secondary sources and primary sources.
First, the literature review was helpful for the preparation as helped authors of research to obtain the general knowledge of the ideas of other researchers interested in the problem of childhood obesity, but Li and Hooker (2010) were focused specifically on the relation between the problem of childhood obesity and the type of schools these children are used attend. The literature review helped to narrow the wide problem of childhood obesity to the specific topic.
Second, the literature review was helpful for the analytical part of the discussed article, because the study is based on the data obtained from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2003 and 2004.buy essay
And also the literature review allowed Li and Hooker (2010) to learn results of other related researches of this issue.

2. What are ethical considerations for data collection?
Methods used and to issues of ethics rose by the way in which researchers invade people’s social lives to collect data. Qualitative research can be seen as the collection of “slices of life” which are then analyzed using categories and themes which emerge from the data and from social science theory. Subsequent data collection methods may be altered on the basis of this analysis. Since the method of data collection and the analysis of the data evolve during the course of research, they cannot always be specified in detail in advance. (Daly, 1996)
The use of qualitative methods has been addressed in detail in comparison with other methods of research and it is perhaps not the responsibility of the social scientist alone to ensure that these methods are properly understood. (Daly, 1996)
The research conducted by authors of the article “Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health” (2010) and their methods of data collection complies with state and federal laws and regulations. The data are obtained from already published researches and therefore authors have checked first of all the ethical considerations of the authors of primary literary sources.
Authors also ensured that the deception was avoided, no data were fabricated or falsified and that overall no false information was included in the current study. They did not presented the work and data gathered by other authors as their own; they gave an appropriate credit for the work of others by using the citations.
Also it should be mentioned that authors of the article follow the general ethical researcher’s guidelines regarding the use of human participants (the most recent revision of the APA’s “Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct” governs all research conducted with human and animal subjects)
Li and Hooker recognize their ethical responsibility for the conclusion made in their article “Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health” (2010).

Custom essays on How did the United States relations with the Soviet Union evolve since 1917?

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:13:41 +0000

The National Security Directive proclaimed the policy of isolation of the Soviet Union and containment of communism. After the example of the USSR that created communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the United States constructed allied regimes in Japan and West Germany. Most of western countries, including Great Britain, France, Italy, and West Germany joined the US-oriented camp, and thus the NATO alliance was formed. Europe was divided into two parts according to their political and economic convictions. A similar division was observed in Asia. China became a major ally of the Soviet Union, due to the victory of Mao Zedong’s forces over pro-U.S. Chiang Kai-shek. The territory of Korea was occupied and also divided into two parts. As it was stated in up-to-date data, Europe was separated by “iron curtain” and Northeast Asia by a “bamboo curtain”.
The most significant event that happened in 1950s was the threat of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that were successfully tested by the USSR in August, 1957. Reacting to such a danger, the USA created a system of anti-missile defense in big cities and started to construct nuclear bombers.

custom essays

1960s were marked by the Berlin crisis, when a physical symbol of the Cold War – the Berlin Wall was built. According to the decree of Khrushchev the Wall separated the Western part of Germany from the communist Eastern part. A number of measures were undertaken by the United States president – John Kennedy: arms purchases and reservists mobilization in order to protect the Western part, but nothing was actually done concerning the Wall itself. The Vietnam War became a turning point in the Cold War policy of the United States. Being defeated in Vietnam Nixon’s administration had to launch diplomatic offensives in order to transform the relations with the Soviet Union. The containment policy was supplemented with an attempt to conclude a series of agreements, which could give an opportunity to transform the Soviet system itself. Another side of the changing view of communism was the opening to China under Nixon. The president was first, who started to lead to the cooperation with China against the Soviet Union and encourage the communist country to enter the world system. In the mid-1970s the USSR developed two new ICBMs and placed them on the Eastern part of the country, moreover their armed forces invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, which was perceived as a turn to the expansion policy. President Carter sent warships to the Persian Gulf, but it was too late, as the Soviet authorities had already installed a puppet government in Kabul. In time of Reagan presidency – 1980s – new Soviet weapons and installations in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Grenada were revealed and reviewing the Soviet advantage in heavy missiles, Reagan called the USSR – the “evil empire”. The scientists and engineers received a task to use any and all new technologies, including laser-beam weapons in space and also build a defense against ballistic missiles.
Military, political and ideological confrontation started to fade away in 1987, when Gorbachev became a leader of the Soviet Union. The USSR was forced to make concessions in foreign-policy sphere, as increased to 20 percent of GNP military expenditure, compared to the United States 3 to 4 percent, became overwhelming for the Soviet economy. In 1987 the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty was signed between Reagan and Gorbachev, defining their agreement to withdraw their weapons and to destroy the SS-20s. It became a first step to the end of the Cold War. But still there is no a single opinion about the exact end date of the Cold War, thus several dates are singled out: mid-1988, the moment of ratification of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty; December 1988, Gorbachev’s speech at the conference of the United Nations General Assembly and announcement of the unilateral Soviet withdraws; November 1989, disappearance of the communist states of Eastern – Central Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall; August 1990, the time when the Soviet government for the first time acted in condominium with the United States in opposing Saddam Hussein’s conquest of Kuwait; and August 1991, the unsuccessful attempt of Soviet conservatives to overthrow the government of the USSR.
It is considered that no one won the Cold War or perhaps everyone did. “But the losers in the Cold War are the people – everywhere – who found themselves crushed under the weight of a misbegotten conflict that followed a dangerous path to an ignominious but remarkable end”. (Prados 2010)
To sum up, it should be admitted that the relations between the Soviet Union and the United States turned from the silent confrontation into the policy of cooperation in some internationally important questions. Though the state of the USSR disappeared from the maps, Russia inherited all the achievements of Reagan – Gorbachev agreements.

Works cited
Prados, John. How the Cold War ended: debating and doing history. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2010.
Schweikart, Larry. A patriot’s history of the United States. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.

Buy essay on How did the United States relations with the Soviet Union evolve since 1917?

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:12:35 +0000

It is known that diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were always complicated, as each of the superpowers had an intention to dominate the world. At one moment the states went hand in hand against fascist aggressors, at another moment they aimed the weapons at each other. The analyzed data showed how long it took to establish a stable and effective cooperation between countries, how their relations evolved from the total non-recognition of the USSR as a state from the USA side, to the give-and-take policy.
To begin with, it should be said that at times of the World War I the relations between the Russian empire and the United States were contradictory. At one hand, the countries considered to be allies in the war against Germany, at another hand the United States had to react to the events that were going on the territory of Russia. To be more precise, the revolution that was initiated by the Communist forces –Reds in the lead of Lenin in October 1917. An Anglo-American troop landed to support non-Communists – Whites, but despite their efforts Bolsheviks gained a victory over Whites and a republic was proclaimed.

buy essay

In December 1918, Lenin declared his aims concerning the war end and the treaty of Brest Litovsk pulled Russia out of the war. Though in January 1918, President Wilson offered his own program, known as the Fourteen Points, which mirrored Lenin’s intentions of war end, he still harbored hopes that Russians would continue the war. Eventually Wilson “realized that Lenin was now a competitor in the effort to lead the postwar order” (Schweikart 2004) and this became a first step of the confrontation between the United States and just – created Soviet Union. Those events initiated a beginning of the capitalistic opposition to the communism of Russia. From that moment the USA didn’t support the Soviet Union’s presence in the international community, being afraid of communism diffusion.
The state of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, widely known as the USSR was organized in 1922; however it was officially recognized as a fully-fledged state by the USA only in 1933. Despite such an open rejection of the communist principles, the USA turned a side of the Soviet Union during the World War II. Winning the war, the Soviet Union became a superpower that led to the phenomenon, known in a history as a Cold War. It should be specified that the Cold War was a state of political, economic, ideological and other confrontations existed between the Soviet bloc countries and The United States-led Western powers. There were several prerequisites of the Cold War beginning, but the main one was a refusal of the USSR to compromise with the USA and leave occupied areas of Eastern Europe, moreover its potential interest in communist regimes in Greece, Italy and France. The Truman Doctrine that was suggested by the president with a support of George Marshall, George Kennan and Dean Acheson in February 1947 became an ideological substantiation of the Cold War. According to this doctrine a conflict between Western democracy and communism was inevitable, thus the Cold war began.

Executive Summary for a Productivity Term Paper

admin — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:10:53 +0000

The term paper How Do Motivation and Communication Relate to Team Productivity and Conflict Resolution? discusses one of the most important issues in human resources management – the issue concerning the vital role of motivation and communication in the process of team productivity and conflict resolution. Today many organizations pay special attention to these issues because effective communication and motivation can improve productivity and performance of any organization. The term paper proves the fact that positive interpersonal relationship between employees provides healthy organizational culture, and the employees’ motivation helps to increase productivity to a great extent.
Moreover, the term paper discusses the basic principles of successful development of interpersonal communication and motivation in the workplace which are based on different strategies. However, it is necessary to take into consideration the fact that each organization has its specificities which can influence the development of employees’ motivation and interpersonal communication. It means that each organization requires its individual approach and should use only those methods which will bring positive results. term paper
The term paper represents a lot of useful information on the above mentioned topic. It explains to meaning of the terms motivation and communication, and tries to represent the most important components of these processes in the workplace. For example, employees’ motivation provides not only work achievement and recognition, but also comfortable work environment and self-growth of employees. Motivation is closely connected with the main organizational goals and tasks. However, it is found that motivation alone is not enough to improve the employees’ performance. Effective communication combined with motivation can achieve this goal. The term paper discusses the advantages of effective communication in the workplace. It is found that effective communication not only facilitates the interactions between employees, but also it helps to avoid and resolve different organizational conflicts which can hinder effective performance of the employees and reduce organization’s productivity to a great extent.
In addition, the term paper defines the term conflict and gives an opportunity to the readers to realize its negative impact on the entire work of the organization. It is proved that different types of conflict including behavioral conflict, role conflict, interpersonal conflict, internal conflict, inter-group conflict, inter-organizational conflict can influence further development of the organization. It is known that today, in order to take the leading position on the competitive market, the organization should do everything possible to avoid conflicts.
The term paper represents different methods and strategies which should be used in the organization in order to improve the employees’ motivation and interpersonal communication, and to avoid conflicts in the workplace. Among the most effective strategies are the following ones: implementation of the effective reward system, including both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, the development of bonus and compensation plans, participation in planning and goal setting and others, the development of the wireless work within the organization which will help to improve interpersonal communication between employees.
Besides, special attention is paid to the role of cognitive evolution theory in the workplace. This theory helps to find some external factors which influence the organization’s productivity and performance. The term paper gives some recommendation concerning the improvement of the organization’s productivity – to develop a long-run strategy which will give an opportunity to improve communication and teamwork, as well as to increase the employees’ motivation and job satisfaction.