how to write essay

How to write essay?

Here are just a few guidelines that will be helpful when it comes time to how to write essay question.

1.         Allow adequate time to answer the question. By their very design, essay questions can take a considerable amount of time to answer. Earlier in this chapter, we contrasted closed- and open-ended questions, where the nature of the response is restricted or not. Regardless of whether an essay question is closed or open ended (remember, we have to be practical), you need to tell the test taker how much time he or she has to complete the question. And how much time should that be? Keep in mind that essay questions require test lakers to think about, and then write, the response. One strategy is to encourage test takers when they are practicing to plan their response by spending 30%-40% of their time outlining or “”sketching” their response, 4O%-50% of their time writing the response, and then the last 10%-30% rereading what they have written and making any necessary changes.

2. Be sure the question is complete and dear. This one sounds simple and it may indeed be, but sometimes essay questions are not very clear in their presentation. Want to know why? Because it’s not clear what the person writing the question wants to know. For example, here’s an unclear essay question

1. Discuss the impact of the Civil War on the economy of the postwar South.

This not like this question is that poorly designed, but it sure docs not reflect a clear notion of what was learned or what is being assessed. This is the kind of a topic that some historian could write seven volumes about! Look how much more clear the following:

1. Discuss the impact of the Civil War on the economy of the postwar South, taking into account the following factors: reduction in the work force, international considerations, and the changing role of agriculture.

This second example just provides additional direction, which may be exactly what the test taker needs to answer the question more completely.

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sample essay

Following the sample essay is a ‘template’ exercise, where the student is given the shape of the essay, and asked to fill in the details. This is a way of translating understanding of the theory just studied into practice.

Sample essay tests. Sample essay tests require students to organize, integrate, and interpret material, and to express themselves. “Short-Answer and Essay Tests,” for guidelines on creating this type of test. Research indicates that students study more efficiently for essay exams than for multiple-choice tests: students preparing for essay tests locus on broad issues, general concepts, and interrelationships rather than on specific details, and this approach results in somewhat better test performance on all types of exam questions sample essay tests also give instructors an opportunity to comment on students’ progress, the quality of their thinking, the depth of their understanding, and the difficulties they are having. However, because essay tests pose only a few questions, their content validity may be low. In addition, the reliability of essay tests can be compromised by subjectivity or inconsistencies in grading.

A variation of an essay tests asks students to correct sample essay answers. One faculty member uses the following technique: Two weeks before the exam, he distributes ten to twelve essay questions, which he discusses with students in class. For the exam, he selects lour of the questions and prepares well-written but intellectually flawed answers for the students to edit, correct, expand, and refute. The sample essays contain common misunderstandings, correct but incomplete responses, and illogical inferences.

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In a research paper that follows MLA style, the list of works cited is the only place where readers will find complete information about the sources you have cited. For that reason, your list must be thorough and accurate.

The list of works cited appears at the end of your paper and, as its title suggests, lists only the works you have cited in your paper. Occasionally, your instructor may ask you to prepare a list of works consulted. That list would include not only the sources you cite but also the sources you consulted as you conducted your research. In either case, MLA prefers Works Cited or Works Consulted to the more limited heading Bibliography (literally, “description of books”) because those headings are more likely to accommodate the variety of sources-articles, films, computer software-that writers may cite in a research paper.

To prepare the list of works cited, follow these general guidelines:

1. Paginate the works cited section as a continuation of your text if the text of your paper ends on page 8, begin your list on page 9 (unless there is an intervening page of endnotes).

2. Double-space successive lines of an entry and between entries.

3. Begin the first line of an entry flush left, and indent successive lines five spaces or one-half inch.

4. List entries in alphabetical order according to the last name of the author.

5. If you are listing more than one work by the same author, alphabetize the works according to tide (excluding the articles a, an, and the). Instead of repeating the author’s name, type three hyphens and a period, then give the title.

6. Underline the titles of works published independently— books, plays, long poems, pamphlets, periodicals, films.

7. Although you do not need to underline the spaces between words, a continuous line is easier to type and guarantees that all features of the title are underlined. Type a continuous line under tides unless you are instructed to do otherwise.

8. If you are citing a book whose title includes the title of another book, underline the main title, but do not underline the other title (for example, A Casebook on Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man).

9. Use quotation marks to indicate the titles of short works that appear in larger works (for example, “Minutes of Glory.” African Short Stories). Also use quotation marks for song titles and for the titles of unpublished works, including dissertations, lectures, and speeches.

10. Use arabic numerals except with names of monarchs (Elizabeth II) and except for the preliminary pages of a work (ii-xix), which traditionally use roman numerals.

11. Use lowercase abbreviations to identify the parts of a work (for example, vol. for volume), a named translator (trans.), and a named editor (ed.). However, when these designations follow a period, they should be capitalized (for example, Woolf, Virginia. A Writer’s Diarv. Ed. Leonard Woolf).

12. Whenever possible, use appropriate shortened forms for the publisher’s name (Random instead of Random House). See the list of abbreviations beginning on page 58.

13. Separate author, title, and publication information with a period followed by one space.

14. Use a colon and one space to separate the volume number and year of a periodical from the page numbers (for example, Trimmer, Joseph. “Memoryscape: Jean Shepherd’s Midwest.” Old Northwest 3 (1976): 337-69).

In addition, MLA recommends procedures for documenting an extensive variety of sources, including nonprint materials such as films, television programs, and computer software. The following models illustrate the sources most commonly cited.

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Using prompts to practice writing essays

So far, you’ve done a really good job reading about writing. But, you’ll never get better it writing without actually writing. In this post, we give you two sample prompts to practice with, and we suggest than you time yourself so that you get a sense for what 30 minutes of writing feels like. Practicing like this also helps you avoid panicking when you take the real test. Pencils out! Here we go.

Writing Prompt #1

Many successful people believe that a competitive environment fosters high achievement. In high schools, some parents and teachers think that competition between students encourages them to strive toward higher academic potential. Others think that academic competition negatively affects students’ performance by causing undue stress and feelings of failure. In your opinion, should high schools encourage a competitive academic atmosphere?

In your essay, take a position on this question. You may write about either one of the two points of view given, or you may present a different point of view on this question. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

Writing Prompt #2

The prevailing altitude in many countries is that leaders must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. Some people think that this attitude sets a good example for a country and its citizens. Others argue that leaders who show normal, human flaws connect them with their people and thereby enable progress and growth. In your opinion, should leaders always be accountable for high moral and ethical standards?

In your essay, take a position on this question. You may write about either one of the two points of view given, or you may present a different point of view on this question. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

You do not write a “perfect” thesis statement on your first try. Instead, you have to write and rewrite both your topic question and your thesis statement a number of times in different ways. It is important to remember that your thesis statement is not written in stone. At this stage, it is only a “working hypothesis” which allows you to gather your evidence and to organize your argument. If it does not work, change it.

If you are unsure of what to take on a controversial issue, try writing your thesis statement points of view. Then, decide which one best represents your opinion.

If you still cannot decide, try listing the facts that support each case. Then decide which argument seems more persuasive.

Example:

Topic question:

Did Tocqueville believe that other countries could adopt American-style democratic principles and institutions?

Trial thesis statement on one side of an issue:

Tocqueville believed that countries could adopt other American-style democratic principles and institutions.

Trial thesis statement on the other side of an issue:

Tocqueville believed that American democracy was unique and that other countries could not successfully adopt it.

Evaluate Your Thesis Statement

Have you merely restated the topic question without answering it?

EXAMPLE:

TOPIC QUESTION:

Did Tocqueville consider aristocracy to be the best form of government? If so, why? If not, why not?

WRONG: RESTATEMENT OF THE TOPIC QUESTION. In this essay, we examine whether or not Tocqueville thought aristocracy to be the best form of government.

CORRECT: THESIS STATEMENT.

Tocqueville thought that aristocracy was the best form of government because it provided leadership by an educated elite, it produced effective administrative centralization, and it promoted superior intellectual and artistic achievements.

Have you tried to argue both sides of a case?

EXAMPLE:

TOPIC QUESTION:

Did Tocqueville consider aristocracy to be the best form of government? If so, why? If not, why not?

WRONG: ARGUING FOR BOTH SIDES OF THE CASE.

Although Tocqueville saw some advantages to aristocratic government, he also saw some disadvantages.

CORRECT. THESIS STATEMENT.

Tocqueville saw both the advantages and disadvantages of aristocratic government, but he still maintained that it was the best form of government for France.

Have you prejudged the issue by using loaded language?

Writers use loaded language when they want to manipulate their readers’ emotions in order to keep them from paying close attention to the logical flaws in their argument. Most of the time, they do not fool anyone.

EXAMPLE:

TOPIC QUESTION:

How did Tocqueville’s social background affect his attitude toward democratic institutions?

WRONG: PREJUDGING THE ISSUE BY USING LOADED LANGUAGE.

Tocqueville was born with a silver spoon in his mouth; so he could not understand that democracy is the best form of government.

CORRECT: THESIS STATED FAIRLY.

Tocqueville’s background as a French aristocrat made him particularly critical of democratic institutions.

HAVE YOU WRITTEN A BLAND, BORING THESIS STATEMENT?

Remember, a thesis statement is always emphatic! It is never wishy-washy! Use an exclamation point to check your sentence.

EXAMPLE:

TOPIC QUESTION:

To what extent did Tocqueville undermine his own arguments in favor of aristocratic government?

WRONG: THESIS STATEMENT THAT LACKS EMPHASIS.

In some ways, Tocqueville undermined his own arguments in favor of aristocratic government by showing that democratic government generally produces good citizens.

CORRECT: THESIS STATEMENT.

Tocqueville undermined his own arguments in favor of aristocratic government by showing that democratic government produces patriotic citizens committed to the preservation of liberty and equality!

I. The choice of a topic is important.

A. Interest in the subject should determine the choice.

B. Availability of material should be considered.

C. Limitations should be placed upon the subject.

II. A variety of sources should be used.

A. A comprehensive bibliography should be compiled.

1. Bibliographies and other reference books should be consulted.

2. All titles should be checked in the card catalog.

a. The call numbers should be noted.

b. Cards for unavailable books should be saved for future use.

B. Reading and note-taking should follow.

1. Scanning should precede closer study.

2. Relative values should be judged.

3. Notes should be taken in approved style. An abundance of notes should be taken.

III. The writing should represent the student’s utmost skill.

A. Thinking and planning should precede the writing.

1. The controlling purpose should be held in mind.

2. The outline should be thoughtfully constructed.

3. A review of the notes should be made.

B. The following steps may aid in the actual writing.

1. A rough draft may be written rapidly.

2. One revision may verify the content.

3. Another may focus on the whole organization.

4. A third may check accuracy and effectiveness.

IV. The form of the term paper requires attention to details.

A. The paper may be either typewritten or handwritten.

B. Two parts of the paper precede the text.

1. The title page comes first.

2. An outline should follow it.

C. Within the text, specific form should be observed.

1. Pages should have appropriate margins.

2. Footnotes should be scrupulously treated.

3. Quotations should be accurately presented.

4. The pages should be correctly numbered.

D. Certain divisions follow the text of the term paper.

1. Appendixes may include further Information.

2. The bibliography should close the term paper.